Indian Economy for UPSC Prelims
Indian economy concepts, data and current updates for UPSC Prelims preparation.
UNIT 1: Introduction to Economics
Meaning and Scope of Economics
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Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
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Positive and Normative Economics
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Scarcity, Choice and Opportunity Cost
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Factors of Production
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Production Possibility Curve
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Economic Systems: Capitalism, Socialism and Mixed Economy
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Basic Economic Problems
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Circular Flow of Income
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Utility Analysis
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Consumer Behaviour
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Economic Terminologies Frequently Used in UPSC
UNIT 2: Demand, Supply and Market Mechanism
UNIT 3: National Income and Economic Accounting
UNIT 4: Money and Banking Basics
UNIT 5: Inflation and Price Stability
Meaning and Types of Inflation
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Demand Pull and Cost Push Inflation
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Stagflation and Deflation
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Inflation Measurement in India
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CPI and WPI
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Core Inflation
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Food Inflation
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Causes of Inflation in India
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Effects of Inflation
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Inflation Control Measures
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Inflation Targeting Framework
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Phillips Curve
UNIT 6: Public Finance Basics
Meaning and Scope of Public Finance
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Fiscal Functions of Government
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Public Revenue
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Public Expenditure
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Public Debt
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Fiscal Responsibility
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Budgetary Concepts
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Revenue and Capital Receipts
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Revenue and Capital Expenditure
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Fiscal Deficit and Revenue Deficit
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Effective Revenue Deficit
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Primary Deficit
UNIT 7: Indian Economy Since Independence
Economic Legacy of Colonial Rule
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Partition and Economic Challenges
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Planning Era in India
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Mahalanobis Strategy
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Green Revolution
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Nationalization Policies
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Poverty Alleviation in Early Decades
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License Permit Raj
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Economic Crisis of 1991
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Structural Adjustment Programme
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LPG Reforms
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Evolution of Indian Economy After 1991
UNIT 8: Economic Planning in India
UNIT 9: Structure of Indian Economy
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sectors
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Sectoral Contribution to GDP
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Occupational Structure
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Formal and Informal Economy
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Organized and Unorganized Sector
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Structural Transformation
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Regional Imbalances
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Urban-Rural Divide
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Income Distribution
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Demographic Dividend
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Labour Productivity
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Economic Survey Insights
UNIT 10: Poverty and Inequality
Concepts of Poverty
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Absolute and Relative Poverty
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Poverty Estimation in India
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Tendulkar and Rangarajan Committees
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Multidimensional Poverty Index
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Causes of Poverty
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Poverty Alleviation Programmes
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Inequality in India
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Wealth and Income Inequality
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Inclusive Growth
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Social Justice and Economy
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Human Poverty
UNIT 11: Employment and Labour Issues
Concepts of Employment and Unemployment
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Types of Unemployment
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Labour Force Participation Rate
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Workforce Participation Rate
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Employment Data Sources
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Informal Labour Market
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Labour Reforms in India
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Labour Codes
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Migration and Labour Mobility
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Gig Economy
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Skill Development Initiatives
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Employment Generation Strategies
UNIT 12: Human Development and Social Sector
Human Development Concept
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Human Development Index
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Education and Economic Development
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Health Economics
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Nutrition and Development
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Gender Development
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Social Sector Expenditure
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SDGs and India
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Social Infrastructure
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Population and Development
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Social Security Schemes
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Inclusive Human Development
UNIT 13: Indian Agriculture – Basics
Features of Indian Agriculture
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Importance of Agriculture
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Cropping Seasons in India
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Agricultural Regions
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Landholding Patterns
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Agricultural Productivity
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Agrarian Structure
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Agricultural Labour
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Subsistence and Commercial Farming
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Challenges in Indian Agriculture
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Agricultural Census
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Role of Agriculture in Economy
UNIT 14: Agricultural Inputs and Technology
UNIT 15: Irrigation and Water Resources
UNIT 16: Agricultural Marketing and Reforms
UNIT 17: Food Security and Food Management
Food Security Concept
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Foodgrain Production Trends
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Food Corporation of India
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Public Distribution System
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Targeted PDS
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National Food Security Act
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Buffer Stocking Policy
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Nutritional Security
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Mid-Day Meal Scheme
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Integrated Child Development Services
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Food Subsidy
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Food Inflation and Security
UNIT 18: Rural Development
UNIT 19: Allied Agricultural Sectors
UNIT 20: Industrial Development in India
Evolution of Industrial Policy
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Industrial Policy Resolution 1948
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Industrial Policy Resolution 1956
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New Industrial Policy 1991
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Public Sector Enterprises
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Privatization and Disinvestment
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Industrial Corridors
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Industrial Clusters
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Ease of Doing Business
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Industrial Sickness
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Industrial Finance
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Industrial Growth Trends
UNIT 21: MSMEs and Small Industries
UNIT 22: Manufacturing and Make in India
Manufacturing Sector Overview
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Make in India Initiative
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Production Linked Incentive Scheme
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Industrial Competitiveness
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Global Value Chains
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Import Substitution vs Export Promotion
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Industrial Automation
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Electronics Manufacturing
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Semiconductor Mission
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Defence Manufacturing
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Textile Industry
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Pharmaceutical Industry
UNIT 23: Infrastructure – Transport Sector
UNIT 24: Energy Economy
UNIT 25: Urban Economy and Real Estate
UNIT 26: Indian Banking System
UNIT 27: Reserve Bank of India
UNIT 28: Monetary Policy
Meaning and Objectives of Monetary Policy
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Quantitative Tools
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Repo and Reverse Repo Rate
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CRR and SLR
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Open Market Operations
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Qualitative Tools
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Inflation Targeting
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Liquidity Management
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Monetary Transmission
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Monetary Policy Challenges
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Tight and Easy Money Policy
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Monetary-Fiscal Coordination
UNIT 29: Financial Markets
UNIT 30: SEBI and Capital Market Regulation
UNIT 31: Insurance and Pension Sector
UNIT 32: Financial Inclusion and Digital Finance
UNIT 33: Government Budgeting
UNIT 34: Taxation System in India
UNIT 35: Fiscal Policy and Public Debt
Meaning of Fiscal Policy
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Objectives of Fiscal Policy
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Expansionary and Contractionary Policy
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Fiscal Multipliers
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Public Borrowing
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Internal and External Debt
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Debt Sustainability
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Fiscal Consolidation
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Counter-Cyclical Fiscal Policy
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Subsidies and Transfers
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Public Debt Management
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Sovereign Credit Ratings
UNIT 36: Centre-State Financial Relations
Fiscal Federalism
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Constitutional Financial Relations
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Finance Commission in Indian Economy
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GST Council
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Centrally Sponsored Schemes
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Tax Devolution
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Grants-in-Aid
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State Finances
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Local Government Finance
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Inter-State Fiscal Issues
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Special Category States Debate
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Cooperative Fiscal Governance
UNIT 37: External Sector Fundamentals
UNIT 38: International Trade
UNIT 39: Foreign Investment and External Assistance
Foreign Direct Investment
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Foreign Portfolio Investment
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External Commercial Borrowings
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Sovereign Wealth Funds
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Foreign Aid and Assistance
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Multinational Corporations
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FDI Policy Framework
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Sectoral FDI Limits
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Investment Promotion Agencies
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Bilateral Investment Treaties
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Technology Transfer
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Global Investment Trends
UNIT 40: International Economic Institutions
UNIT 41: Sustainable Development and Environment Economy
UNIT 42: Digital Economy and Emerging Technologies
UNIT 43: Indian Demography and Population Economy
Demographic Trends in India
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Census and Population Data
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Population Growth Patterns
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Age Structure and Dependency Ratio
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Population Policies in India
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Migration and Urbanization
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Fertility and Mortality Trends
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Gender Ratio and Development
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Ageing Population Issues
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Population and Employment
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Population and Economic Development
UNIT 44: Social Sector Schemes and Welfare Economy
Welfare State Concept
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Subsidy Regime in India
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Direct Benefit Transfer
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JAM Trinity and Welfare Delivery
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Health Welfare Schemes
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Education Welfare Schemes
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Food and Nutrition Schemes
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Social Security Programmes
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Women and Child Welfare Schemes
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Senior Citizen Welfare
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Inclusive Welfare Governance
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Leakages and Reform in Welfare Delivery
UNIT 45: Cooperative Sector and SHG Economy
Cooperative Movement in India
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Types of Cooperatives
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Dairy Cooperatives
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Cooperative Credit Institutions
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PACS Structure
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Self Help Groups
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Microfinance Institutions
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Women-led SHGs
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Cooperative Reforms
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Digital Cooperatives
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Community Participation Models
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Cooperative Federalism and Economy
UNIT 46: Indian Economic Reforms and Liberalization
Economic Reforms Since 1991
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Liberalization Measures
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Privatization Policies
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Globalization and Indian Economy
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Disinvestment Policy
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Deregulation of Industries
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Trade Liberalization
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Financial Sector Reforms
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Tax Reforms
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Labour and Land Reforms
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Reform Outcomes and Criticism
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Second Generation Reforms
UNIT 47: Economic Surveys, Reports and Indices
Economic Survey of India
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Union Budget Highlights
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India Development Report
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Human Development Report
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Global Hunger Index
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Ease of Doing Business Index
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Global Innovation Index
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Logistics Performance Index
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SDG Index
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Labour and Employment Reports
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Important Economic Committees and Reports
UNIT 49: Contemporary Economic Issues
Inflation Trends in India
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Employment Challenges
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Agrarian Distress in India
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Banking Sector Stress
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NPAs and Financial Stability
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Supply Chain Disruptions
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Global Recession Risks
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Energy Price Volatility
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Food Security Challenges
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Climate and Economy Linkages
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Fiscal Stress and Debt Issues
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India’s Growth Prospects
UNIT 50: India in the Global Economy
India as Emerging Economy
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India’s Growth Story
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India-China Economic Comparison
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India and Global Supply Chains
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Atmanirbhar Bharat
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Manufacturing Competitiveness
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India’s Export Strategy
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India and Global South
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Geoeconomics and India
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Economic Diplomacy
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India’s Long-Term Growth Challenges
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Vision for Developed India