The decline of the Mughal Empire spanned from the early 18th century to the mid-19th century. This era marked reduction in the empire’s power and influence over the Indian subcontinent. The decline began with the death of Emperor Bahadur Shah I in 1712 and concluded with the deposition of Bahadur Shah II in 1857.
Factors Contributing to Decline
Several factors contributed to the Mughal Empire’s decline:
- Internal Conflicts: Succession wars and power struggles weakened central authority.
- Regional Rebellions: The Marathas, Sikhs, Jats, and Rajputs revolted against Mughal rule.
- Foreign Invasions: The empire faced invasions from Afghan and Persian forces.
- British Expansion: The East India Company gradually increased its control over Indian territories.
Religious Policies
Aurangzeb’s orthodox Islamic policies alienated many Hindus. His reign was marked by the persecution of non-Muslims, which incited revolts. The backlash from Hindu powers weakened Mughal authority.
War of Succession (1707-1709)
Following Aurangzeb’s death, a power vacuum led to a war of succession. Bahadur Shah I emerged victorious but faced challenges from his half-brothers. The internal strife continued with rapid changes in leadership, leading to instability.
Rajput Rebellions
Rajput nobles, once loyal to the Mughals, began to assert independence. The Rathore rebellion (1679-1707) and subsequent Rajput uprisings (1708-1710) were . The Rajputs successfully captured key territories, further eroding Mughal power.
Maratha Conflicts
The Maratha Empire, founded by Shivaji, posed a formidable challenge to Mughal dominance. Continuous warfare in the Deccan drained Mughal resources. The Marathas expanded their territory during the 18th century, culminating in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761.
Afghan Invasions
Ahmad Shah Durrani led multiple invasions into India, weakening Mughal control. His forces captured Lahore in 1748, showcasing the empire’s vulnerability. These invasions further destabilised the region.
Nader Shah’s Invasion (1739)
Nader Shah’s invasion marked blow to the Mughal Empire. After defeating the Mughals at the Battle of Karnal, he sacked Delhi, taking immense wealth and treasures, including the famous Peacock Throne. This invasion exposed the empire’s military weaknesses.
Economic Decline
The Mughal economy faced severe strain due to continuous warfare and exploitation of resources. The deindustrialisation of the Indian economy in the late 18th century further exacerbated the situation. The British East India Company’s economic policies contributed to this decline.
Role of the East India Company
The British East India Company played important role in the empire’s decline. Through strategic alliances and military might, the Company expanded its influence. Key battles, such as Plassey (1757) and Buxar (1764), established British dominance in Bengal.
Treaty of Allahabad (1765)
The Treaty of Allahabad formalised British control over Bengal. Shah Alam II granted the East India Company the right to collect taxes, marking the beginning of direct British rule in India. This treaty diminished Mughal sovereignty.
Political Fragmentation
As the Mughal Empire weakened, various regions began to assert independence. The Nizam of Hyderabad and other local rulers established their dominions. This fragmentation made it easier for the British to consolidate power.
Decline of Central Authority
By the late 18th century, the Mughal emperors had become figureheads. The real power lay with regional governors and the British. Shah Alam II was reduced to a puppet ruler, further diminishing the empire’s authority.
Impact of European Colonialism
The arrival of European powers, particularly the British and French, led to increased conflicts. The competition between these colonial powers further destabilised the Mughal Empire. The British ultimately emerged as the dominant force.
