The Mansabdari system was an administrative framework established by Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1571. It was a grading system used to determine the rank, responsibilities, and remuneration of Mansabdars, who were nobles in the Mughal Empire. The term “Mansab” is derived from Arabic, meaning “rank” or “position”. This system played important role in the governance and military structure of the empire.
Origins of the Mansabdari System
The concept of Mansabdari is believed to have Central Asian roots. Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, initially used the term “Wajahdar” for similar officials. Akbar reformed and institutionalised the system, adapting it to fit the needs of his administration. This marked evolution in how military and civil duties were organised.
Roles of Mansabdars
Mansabdars were responsible for both military and civil administration. They held various positions, including military commanders and civil administrators. Their duties included maintaining a specified number of cavalrymen and horses, which were essential for military operations. The system allowed for flexibility, enabling Mansabdars to be transferred between military and civil roles.
Recruitment of Mansabdars
The recruitment of Mansabdars was under the direct authority of the Mughal Emperor. Recommendations from nobles and Mirbakshi, the chief military officer, often influenced appointments. Candidates had to petition through a noble, who would present a tajwiz (recommendation) to the emperor. This system included individuals from diverse backgrounds, regardless of race or religion.
Hierarchy of Mansabdars
Mansabdars were classified into different ranks based on their military and administrative capabilities. The hierarchy included:
- Amir of Amirs: Mansabdars with ranks above 5000.
- Amir-al-Kabir: Mansabdars with ranks above 1000.
- Amir: Mansabdars with ranks of 1000 or below.
The highest rank during Akbar’s reign was 10,000, while the lowest was 10.
Structure of the Mansabdari System
The Mansabdari system had two main components – Zat and Sawar.
- Zat: This indicated the personal rank and salary of the Mansabdar.
- Sawar: This represented the cavalry rank and the number of horses a Mansabdar was required to maintain.
The classification of Mansabdars was based on the ratio of Zat to Sawar. There were three classes:
- First Class Mansabdar – Equal Zat and Sawar.
- Second Class Mansabdar – Sawar equal to half the Zat.
- Third Class Mansabdar – Sawar less than half the Zat.
Compensation of Mansabdars
Mansabdars received compensation through cash or land grants known as jagirs. Those paid in cash were referred to as Naqdi, while those receiving jagirs were called Jagirdars. Jagirs were pieces of land from which Mansabdars could collect revenue, which was then used to pay their troops.
Military Responsibilities
Mansabdars were required to maintain a specific number of cavalrymen and present them for inspection. They were responsible for the training and discipline of their troops. This system ensured that the Mughal military was well-organised and capable of responding to threats.
Growth of the Mansabdari System
During Akbar’s reign, the number of Mansabdars was around 1,800. This figure rose dramatically to approximately 14,500 by Aurangzeb’s rule. The increase in Mansabdars led to administrative challenges, including a shortage of jagirs and revenue collection issues.
Fall of the Mansabdari System
The Mansabdari system began to decline after Akbar’s death. The increase in the number of Mansabdars outpaced the availability of jagirs, leading to financial strain. By Aurangzeb’s reign, the system became increasingly ineffective. The inability to pay Mansabdars adequately resulted in corruption and discontent among the ranks.
Merits of the Mansabdari System
The Mansabdari system had several advantages:
- It provided a structured administrative framework.
- It promoted meritocracy, allowing individuals from various backgrounds to serve.
- It facilitated central control over military and civil administration.
Demerits of the Mansabdari System
However, the system also had drawbacks:
- It led to factionalism among Mansabdars.
- Mansabdars often became more loyal to their troops than to the emperor.
- Corruption was prevalent, with some Mansabdars inflating troop numbers to receive more funds.
Impact on Mughal Administration
The Mansabdari system was integral to the Mughal administration. It helped centralise power and create a loyal military force. However, the system’s reliance on the emperor’s authority made it vulnerable to collapse in times of weak leadership.
Mansabdari System Under Successors
The Mansabdari system underwent various changes under different emperors:
- Jahangir: Increased the number of Mansabdars but faced inefficiencies due to personal distractions.
- Shah Jahan: Expanded the system but faced a jagirdari crisis due to land shortages.
- Aurangzeb: Focused on Muslim nobles, leading to further complications in administration.
Key Features of the Mansabdari System
The Mansabdari system was characterised by:
- A dual ranking system (Zat and Sawar).
- Non-hereditary posts, ensuring that appointments were based on merit.
- A flexible structure that allowed for military and civil roles.
