Mughal Emperor Akbar, also known as Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, was the third ruler of the Mughal Empire. His reign lasted from 1556 to 1605. Akbar was born on 25 October 1542, the son of Mughal Emperor Humayun. He ascended to the throne at the young age of 13 after his father’s death. During his early years, Bairam Khan acted as his regent.
Regency of Bairam Khan
Bairam Khan played important role in Akbar’s rise. He led the Mughal forces in the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556 against Hemu Vikramaditya. Hemu was injured, leading to a Mughal victory. Under Bairam’s leadership, the empire expanded , covering regions from Kabul to Jaunpur. However, Bairam’s increasing power and arrogance led to discontent among other nobles. Akbar eventually dismissed him, offering options that led to Bairam’s assassination en route to Mecca.
Expansion of the Mughal Empire
Akbar’s reign marked territorial expansion. He adopted imperialist policies, focusing on military conquests and alliances. Key conquests included:
- Malwa: Conquered in 1561, led by Adham Khan.
- Rajputana: Campaigns began in 1561, culminating in battles like Haldighati in 1576.
- Gujarat, Bengal, and Bihar: Conquests completed by 1576, ending Afghan resistance.
Military Organisation
Akbar restructured the Mughal army, focusing on effective organisation. He ensured a balance of power and loyalty among military commanders. The army’s strength was vital for territorial expansion and maintaining control over newly acquired regions.
Art and Architecture
Akbar was a patron of the arts. He commissioned numerous architectural projects, including:
- Humayun’s Tomb: Built in the 1560s, it was the first Mughal monument.
- Fatehpur Sikri: Served as the Mughal capital from 1571 to 1585.
- Agra Fort: Constructed in 1565, it was the main residence of the Mughal rulers.
He also encourageed a vibrant school of painting, blending Persian and Indian styles.
Central Administrative System
Akbar established a centralised administration. He inherited aspects of Sher Shah’s system but tailored it to his needs. Key features included:
- Central authority resided with the emperor.
- A council of ministers assisted in governance.
- Local governance was managed through the panchayat system.
Akbar maintained control over civil, military, and religious matters.
Provincial Administration
The empire was divided into provinces, each governed by a Subedar. The administrative structure included:
- Sarkars: Divided into Parganas, further subdivided into villages.
- Suba: Each province was managed by a Subadar with military and political authority.
This hierarchical structure ensured effective governance across vast territories.
Land Revenue System
Akbar’s finance minister, Todar Mal, implemented a robust land revenue system. Key aspects included:
- Land classified into four categories based on productivity.
- Revenue paid in cash or kind, based on assessed value.
- Loans offered to farmers with low-interest rates.
These reforms improved agricultural productivity and increased state revenue.
Mansabdari System
Introduced in 1571, the Mansabdari system was very important for administration. It categorised officials based on rank, integrating military and bureaucratic functions. Mansabdars were responsible for maintaining order and collecting revenue.
Jagirdari System
The Jagirdari system complemented the Mansabdari system. It divided land into Khalisa (crown land) and Jagir (land assignments). Jagirdars collected taxes and managed land, with the emperor retaining control over revenue.
Religious Policies
Akbar is noted for his religious tolerance. He abolished discriminatory taxes and promoted interfaith dialogue. His policies included:
- Construction of temples and churches.
- Restriction on beef consumption in royal kitchens.
- Formation of Din-i-Ilahi, promoting a blend of religious philosophies.
These measures aimed to encourage harmony among diverse religious communities.
Navratnas of Akbar
Akbar surrounded himself with intellectuals known as the Navratnas or Nine Gems. They contributed to the cultural and administrative landscape of his court. Notable members included:
- Raja Todar Mal: Finance minister and reformer.
- Abul Fazl: Historian and author of Akbarnama.
- Tansen: Renowned musician.
- Birbal: Advisor and wit.
Their diverse talents enriched Akbar’s court and legacy.
Legacy
Akbar’s reign is often regarded as a golden age of the Mughal Empire. His policies laid the foundation for a multicultural society. He is remembered for military conquests, administrative reforms, and cultural patronage. His emphasis on religious tolerance and unity among diverse communities marked shift in governance.
Death and Succession
Akbar passed away on 27 October 1605. He was succeeded by his son Jahangir. Akbar’s legacy continued to influence the Mughal Empire long after his death.
Conclusion
Mughal Emperor Akbar remains a very important figure in Indian history. His contributions to governance, culture, and society have left an indelible mark on the subcontinent. His reign is celebrated for its achievements in expanding the empire and encouraging an inclusive environment.
