The Vijayanagar Empire, established in the 14th century, was known for its religious tolerance. Rulers actively promoted Hinduism while allowing other religions to flourish. This approach was unique compared to previous dynasties in India.
Hinduism’s Dominance
Hinduism was the predominant religion. The Vijayanagar rulers were staunch Hindus, supporting both Saivism and Vaishnavism. They encouraged temple construction and patronised religious scholars. The empire’s rulers followed a non-intervention policy in religious matters.
Saivism
Saivism was particularly influential during the early years of the Vijayanagar Empire. The Sangama dynasty upheld orthodox Saivism, specifically the Pasupata sect. The rulers revered Virupaksha as their tutelary deity. Vidyaranya, a prominent figure, contributed to Advaita philosophy.
Vaishnavism
Vaishnavism grew in prominence, especially under King Devaraya II. He made donations to Vaishnava temples, including land grants. The faith gained traction in the 16th century, particularly during Sadasivaraya’s reign. The Tallapakam family of poets played important role in promoting Vaishnavism.
Philosophical Schools
Two major philosophical schools emerged within Vaishnavism – Visistadvaita and Dvaita. Ramanuja founded the Visistadvaita school, emphasising devotion to Vishnu. His teachings attracted followers across caste lines. After his death, the movement split into Vadakalai and Tengalai factions, leading to differing practices.
Jainism
Jainism was also supported by the Vijayanagar rulers. The philosophy of Syadvada was prevalent during this period. Rulers provided patronage to Jain temples and resolved disputes between Jains and Vaishnavas. Jainism adapted to the theistic environment, leading to the deification of Jina.
Buddhism
Buddhism lingered in the Vijayanagar Empire but was less prominent. Temples dedicated to Buddha existed, and he was sometimes considered an avatar of Vishnu. The influence of Buddhist sculptures and inscriptions indicated a historical presence.
Islam
The Vijayanagar rulers were tolerant of Islam. They employed Muslims in their administration and military. Devaraya II ensured that Muslim subjects were treated fairly. Sadasivaraya allowed Muslims to practice their religion openly, promoting coexistence.
Christianity
Christian missionaries operated along the Tamil Nadu coast. They converted local communities, including the Paravas. The Vijayanagar rulers provided protection to Christians and welcomed missionaries. Krishnadevaraya was known for his hospitality towards them.
Religious Tolerance
The Vijayanagar Empire exemplified religious tolerance. Rulers maintained a spirit of accommodation among various faiths. Their policies reflected a broader Indian tradition of religious synthesis. The influence of Advaita philosophy shaped their approach to governance.
Grants to Temples
Emperors made extensive grants to temples. These included Brahmadeya grants of land to Brahmins. Devadana grants supported temple worship and festivals. Mathapura lands were allocated for theological studies and community engagement.
Temple Construction
The rise of sects like Vaishnavism led to increased temple construction. Rulers built and repaired numerous temples, ensuring daily worship. Temples required various services, including musicians and gardeners, to maintain rituals.
Endowments and Donations
Temple endowments came from various sources. Ordinary people contributed land and money for religious merit. Larger temples received more substantial donations, enhancing their wealth and influence.
Royal Patronage
The 16th century marked the peak of Vijayanagar’s political power. Kings made grants for personal merit and ancestral honour. Inscriptions reveal that donations aimed to secure a place in heaven for the benefactors.
Saivism and Kriyasakti
The Sangama rulers were patrons of Saivism. The Kriyasakti tradition was influential among the royal family. Inscriptions from the 12th century highlight the prominence of Kalamukha Saivism.
Religious Institutions
Religious institutions flourished under Vijayanagar rule. Temples served as educational centres. They provided spiritual guidance and community support. The rulers’ patronage ensured the survival and growth of these institutions.
Religious Festivals
Festivals played a vital role in religious life. Annual celebrations required substantial resources. Temples organised elaborate processions and rituals. Community participation was essential for these events.
Impact of Religious Diversity
The diverse religious landscape enriched Vijayanagar culture. Interactions between different faiths encourageed a spirit of dialogue. This cultural exchange influenced art, architecture, and philosophy.
Art and Architecture
Vijayanagar’s religious diversity was reflected in its architecture. Temples showcased a blend of styles. Islamic influences were evident in some structures. The fusion of architectural elements created a unique aesthetic.
Philosophical Contributions
Philosophers like Ramanuja and Vidyaranya shaped religious thought. Their teachings promoted inclusivity and devotion. The emphasis on service and community engagement resonated with followers.
Legacy of Tolerance
The Vijayanagar Empire’s legacy of religious tolerance remains . Their policies set a precedent for future rulers. The spirit of coexistence is a vital part of India’s cultural heritage.
