Sher Shah Suri, born Farid Khan, was ruler of the Suri Empire in the Indian subcontinent. His reign lasted from 1540 to 1545 AD. Sher Shah is renowned for his military prowess, administrative reforms, and contributions to infrastructure. He laid the foundations for systems that influenced the later Mughal Empire.
Early Life
- Born in 1486 in Sasaram, Bihar, India.
- He belonged to the Sur clan of the Pashtun Kakar tribe.
- His early life was marked by a strong military education and experience.
Rise to Power
- Defeated Mughal Emperor Humayun in 1540 at the Battle of Chausa.
- Established the Suri Dynasty after his victory.
- His leadership marked shift in power dynamics in the region.
Military Achievements
- Conducted successful campaigns to expand his territory, including conquests of Delhi, Gwalior, and Malwa.
- Organised a disciplined standing army, which was a departure from traditional feudal armies.
- Built and renovated forts to secure his empire.
Revenue System
- Introduced systematic land measurement for revenue collection.
- Classified land based on fertility, establishing fixed revenue rates.
- Promoted cash payments for taxes, standardising the revenue system.
Currency and Trade
- Introduced the “Rupiya,” a silver coin that standardised currency across his empire.
- Developed trade routes, notably the Grand Trunk Road, enhancing commerce.
- Built caravanserais (inns) along trade routes for merchant safety.
Legal and Judicial Reforms
- Established a strict code of justice to maintain law and order.
- Created a network of spies to monitor crime and enforce laws.
- Divided his empire into provinces for better governance.
Infrastructure Development
- Constructed the Grand Trunk Road, facilitating communication and trade.
- Improved the postal system for efficient administrative communication.
- Invested in public works, including wells and gardens, enhancing public welfare.
Welfare Measures
- Provided relief to farmers during famines by remitting taxes and distributing grain.
- Encouraged agricultural productivity through loans and incentives.
Death and Succession
- Died on May 22, 1545, from injuries sustained during the siege of Kalinjar Fort.
- His son, Jalal Khan, succeeded him as Islam Shah Suri.
- Sher Shah’s death marked the end of his ambitious reforms but left a lasting legacy.
Legacy
- Known for his administrative genius and contributions to infrastructure.
- His policies influenced subsequent rulers, especially during the Mughal era.
- The Sher Shah Suri Tomb, an architectural marvel, is located in Sasaram.
Architectural Contributions
- Built monuments, including the Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque in Delhi.
- Constructed the Rohtas Fort, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- Established the city of Bhera, featuring a large mosque.
Social Contributions
– Encouraged local governance through village assemblies known as panchayats. – Respected the autonomy of villages, allowing elders to manage local affairs. – Promoted inclusivity in his army by rewarding soldiers who spoke Pashto.
Economic Impact
Introduced tri-metalism in coinage, influencing future monetary systems. The term “rūpee” became associated with his silver coin, standardising currency. His reforms laid the groundwork for a stable economy.
Cultural Influence
Sher Shah’s reign encourageed a sense of unity among diverse communities. His policies promoted trade and cultural exchange across regions. His mausoleum is considered one of India’s most beautiful monuments.
Controversies and Criticism
Some historians debate the extent of his religious tolerance. While he was a devout Muslim, he employed Hindus in positions. His methods of governance were sometimes viewed as harsh.
