The Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646) was South Indian kingdom founded by the brothers Harihara I and Bukka Raya I. It played important role in resisting Islamic invasions and promoting Hindu culture. The empire is known for its rich impressive architecture, and cultural achievements.
Founding of the Empire
The Vijayanagara Empire was established in 1336. Harihara I and Bukka Raya I were the founders. They belonged to the Sangama dynasty and originally served under the Kakatiya rulers of Warangal. They later declared independence and established the city of Vijayanagar, meaning “City of Victory,” along the Tungabhadra River.
Early Expansion
The empire expanded rapidly following the decline of the Hoysala kingdom. By 1346, it had conquered the entire Hoysala territory. The Vijayanagara Empire engaged in conflicts with the Sultanate of Madurai, lasting about four decades. Kumarakampana’s expedition to Madurai marked victory for the empire.
Major Dynasties of the Empire
The Vijayanagara Empire was ruled by four main dynasties:
- Sangama Dynasty (1336-1485) – The first dynasty, founded by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I.
- Saluva Dynasty (1485-1505) – Established by Narasimha, it succeeded the Sangama dynasty.
- Tuluva Dynasty (1505-1570) – Known for its most famous ruler, Krishnadeva Raya.
- Aravidu Dynasty (1570-1650) – The last dynasty to rule, continuing until the empire’s decline.
The Sangama Dynasty
The Sangama Dynasty was the initial ruling family. Key rulers included:
- Harihara I – The founder, ruling from 1336 to 1356.
- Deva Raya II – A notable ruler known for his military campaigns.
The dynasty faced challenges from the Bahmani Sultanate but expanded its territories .
The Saluva Dynasty
The Saluva Dynasty was established by Narasimha. It ruled from 1485 to 1505. This period was marked by military campaigns that strengthened the empire. However, the dynasty was short-lived.
The Tuluva Dynasty
The Tuluva Dynasty was the most illustrious of the four. Krishnadeva Raya, ruling from 1509 to 1529, is its most celebrated monarch. His reign is considered a golden age for the empire. He expanded the empire’s boundaries and patronised arts and literature.
The Aravidu Dynasty
The Aravidu Dynasty was the last to rule the Vijayanagara Empire. It emerged after the decline of the Tuluva Dynasty. Sri Ranga III was the last ruler, presiding over the empire during its final years.
Key Conflicts and Decline
The Vijayanagara Empire faced military challenges. A notable conflict was with the Bahmani Sultanate, primarily over the Raichur Doab region. The Battle of Talikota in 1565 marked a turning point. The combined forces of the Deccan Sultanates defeated the empire, leading to its decline.
Cultural Contributions
The Vijayanagara Empire was a cultural beacon. It contributed to art, literature, and architecture. The empire is renowned for its magnificent temples and structures, particularly in Hampi.
- Architecture – The Virupaksha Temple and Vittala Temple are prime examples.
- Literature – The court of Krishnadeva Raya was home to the Ashtadiggajas, a group of eight eminent scholars.
- Art – The empire promoted various art forms, including classical dance and music.
Administrative Structure
The Vijayanagara Empire had a well-structured administration. The king held absolute authority. The empire was divided into administrative units:
- Mandalams – Large provinces governed by Mandaleshwar or Nayaka.
- Nadus – Sub-divisions of Mandalam.
- Sthalas – Smaller units within Nadus.
- Gramas – The smallest administrative units, equivalent to villages.
The Nayakar system allowed top officers to manage lands in exchange for military service.
Economic Aspects
The economy of the Vijayanagara Empire was diverse. Key sources of income included:
- Land revenue from agriculture.
- Tributes from vassals and feudal lords.
- Customs duties at ports.
- Taxes on various professions.
Trade flourished, with exchanges in spices, textiles, and precious stones.
Military Organisation
The military was a vital component of the Vijayanagara Empire. It comprised:
- Cavalry
- Infantry
- Artillery
- War elephants
The Nayankar system also facilitated military organisation, with land grants to loyal officers.
Legacy of the Empire
The Vijayanagara Empire left a lasting legacy. Its architectural achievements continue to attract visitors. The cultural renaissance during its rule influenced later generations. The empire’s efforts in promoting Hindu culture and resisting invasions are notable aspects of its history.
Notable Rulers
Several rulers stand out in the history of the Vijayanagara Empire:
- Krishnadeva Raya – His reign is often viewed as the pinnacle of the empire.
- Deva Raya II – Known for his military prowess and attempts to consolidate power.
- Rama Raya – His leadership during the Battle of Talikota marked moment in the empire’s decline.
Fall of the Empire
The Vijayanagara Empire officially ended in 1646. Sri Ranga III was defeated at the Battle of Vandavasi by Mir Jumla. This marked the conclusion of a vibrant and influential era in South Indian history.
