The Vijayanagar Empire, established in 1336, was South Indian kingdom. Founded by brothers Harihara and Bukka, it emerged as a powerful state in Karnataka. The empire is renowned for its complex administrative structure and effective governance.
Kingship and Authority
The Vijayanagar Empire was characterised by an absolute monarchy. The king held supreme authority and was responsible for the welfare of his subjects. He acted as the highest lawmaker and the final court of appeal. The principle of beneficent kingship guided the rulers, emphasising the king’s duty to protect his people and uphold Dharma.
Succession Laws
Succession was primarily hereditary. However, kings could nominate successors to ensure smooth transitions. There were instances of usurpation, notably when Saluva Narasimha ascended the throne, marking the end of the Sangama dynasty. In cases of minor rulers, regents were appointed to govern.
Central Administration
The central administration was structured around a council of ministers led by a prime minister. While the council provided advice, the king had the final say. Various royal officers managed different departments, ensuring effective governance.
Provincial and Local Administration
The empire was divided into several administrative units:
- Mandalams: Provinces governed by Mandalesvaras.
- Nadus: Districts that facilitated local governance.
- Sthalas: Sub-districts under local control.
- Gramas: Villages, the smallest administrative units.
Local governance was largely autonomous, with village headmen, known as Gaudas, overseeing administration.
Revenue Administration
The primary revenue source was land tax. Other income came from tributes, customs duties, and various taxes on trades and properties. Revenue assessments varied based on land productivity, with an average tax rate of one-sixth of gross produce, occasionally rising to 50%.
Expenditure Categories
Expenditures were divided into four main categories:
- Security of the empire
- Military campaigns
- Care of royal horses
- Personal and charitable expenses of the king
Judicial Administration
Justice was overseen by the king, who presided over the highest court, the sabha. Various regional courts handled local disputes, supported by village courts and caste panchayats. The Dharmasastras guided judicial decisions, with severe penalties for serious offenses.
Military Administration
The Vijayanagar Empire maintained a well-organised standing army, comprising cavalry, infantry, artillery, and elephants. The army was supplemented by local vassals and feudal lords when necessary. Military leaders, known as Nayakas, played crucial roles in border defence and internal stability.
Amara-Nayaka System
The Amara-Nayaka system was central to military administration. Nayakas were appointed to oversee specific regions, maintaining local order and military readiness. They were responsible for collecting taxes and supporting the king during conflicts.
Fortifications and Warfare
To protect against invasions, the empire constructed fortified cities and strategic forts. Innovative military techniques were adopted, including the use of artillery and advanced weaponry. The kings sought expertise from foreign military specialists to enhance their forces.
Council of Ministers
The council of ministers played a vital role in governance. It comprised skilled individuals who advised the king on various matters. The council met regularly to discuss policies and administrative issues, ensuring a collaborative approach to governance.
Administrative Officials
An efficient secretariat supported the king and his ministers. Key officials included:
- Rayasam: Responsible for official communications.
- Karanikkam: The accountant overseeing financial records.
- Sarvanayaka: Managed the royal household.
- Mudrakarta: In charge of the royal seal.
These officials ensured smooth administrative operations across the empire.
Nayaka System
The Nayaka system involved local leaders appointed by the king. They were granted land rights in exchange for military service and revenue collection. This system allowed for effective local governance and resource management.
Ayangar System
The Ayangar system organised village administration. Each village had a council of twelve bureaucrats, known as Ayangars. This system allowed for local autonomy and efficient governance, with Ayangars overseeing tax collection and local affairs.
Taxation Structure
Vijayanagara’s taxation system was comprehensive. It included land taxes, property taxes, commercial taxes, and various other levies. Revenue was crucial for maintaining the empire’s military and administrative functions.
Judicial System
The judicial framework was based on Dharmashastra and local customs. Officials resolved disputes at the provincial and local levels. Severe penalties were imposed for serious crimes, ensuring adherence to law and order.
Cultural Contributions
The Vijayanagar Empire was a cultural hub. It encourageed art, literature, and architecture. The rulers patronised scholars, poets, and artists, contributing to the rich cultural tapestry of the region.
Economic Activities
The economy was diverse, with agriculture as the backbone. Trade flourished, supported by well-established routes. The empire engaged in international trade, exporting textiles, spices, and precious metals.
Foreign Relations
The Vijayanagar Empire maintained diplomatic relations with neighbouring states. It engaged in trade and military alliances, enhancing its influence in South India. The empire’s strategic position facilitated cultural exchanges with foreign powers.
Legacy
The Vijayanagar Empire left a lasting legacy. Its administrative practices influenced later state of Indias. The architectural marvels and cultural achievements continue to be celebrated .
