Aurangzeb was born on 3 November 1618 in Dahod. His father was Shah Jahan, the fifth Mughal emperor, and his mother was Mumtaz Mahal. He was the third son among five siblings. Aurangzeb grew up during the reign of his grandfather Jahangir. His education included military strategy, administration, and Islamic studies. He was fluent in several languages, including Persian and Hindustani.
Military and Administrative Career
Aurangzeb began his military career at a young age. He served as viceroy of the Deccan from 1636 to 1637. His military skills were recognised during campaigns against the Nizam Shahi dynasty. He married Dilras Banu in 1637, his first and most beloved wife. Aurangzeb’s administrative abilities were evident while governing Gujarat from 1645 to 1647, where he established stability amidst religious disputes.
Rise to Power
In 1657, Shah Jahan fell ill, leading to a power struggle among his sons. Aurangzeb opposed his elder brother Dara Shikoh, who was favoured by their father. After a series of battles, Aurangzeb defeated Dara at the Battle of Samugarh in May 1658. He imprisoned Shah Jahan in Agra Fort and declared himself emperor in February 1658.
Expansion of the Empire
Aurangzeb’s reign marked the territorial peak of the Mughal Empire. He expanded the empire through military conquests, including the Deccan states of Bijapur and Golconda. The Mughal army became one of the strongest globally, surpassing Qing China in economic power. Aurangzeb’s military strategies and reforms improved the effectiveness of the Mughal forces.
Religious Policies
Aurangzeb was a devout Muslim and sought to implement Islamic law throughout the empire. He compiled the Fatawa-i Alamgiri, which codified Hanafi law. His policies included the re-imposition of the jizya tax on non-Muslims in 1679. This decision was controversial and led to resentment among Hindu subjects. He also banned certain Hindu practices, such as Sati, but enforced a strict interpretation of Islamic law.
Economic Contributions
Under Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire contributed nearly 25% of the world’s GDP. The empire became the largest economy globally, surpassing Western Europe. Aurangzeb’s administration focused on revenue collection through land taxes and trade. He improved infrastructure, enhancing trade routes and economic stability.
Administrative Reforms
Aurangzeb’s administration was marked by reforms. He employed a diverse bureaucracy, including a notable number of Hindus. This shift aimed to integrate various communities into the imperial framework. His revenue policies included land grants and tax assessments to increase agricultural productivity.
Military Campaigns
Aurangzeb led several military campaigns to consolidate Mughal power. He faced challenges from the Marathas, Sikhs, and Rajputs. His campaigns in the Deccan were particularly notable, as he aimed to suppress regional powers. The siege of Golconda in 1687 exemplified his military prowess, resulting in the capture of a key fortress.
Legacy and Criticism
Aurangzeb’s legacy is complex. Critics argue that his policies encourageed religious intolerance and undermined the pluralism established by previous emperors. However, some historians contend that he maintained a pragmatic approach, employing many Hindus in his administration. His reign witnessed both cultural flourishing and conflict.
Personal Life
Aurangzeb married several times, with Dilras Banu being his chief consort. His personal life was marked by tragedy, including the early death of his beloved wife. He had a total of four wives and numerous concubines throughout his life. His family relationships often influenced his political decisions.
Final Years
Aurangzeb ruled until his death on 3 March 1707. His later years were marked by increasing challenges, including uprisings and regional dissent. The Maratha Empire emerged as power during his reign, leading to prolonged conflicts. Aurangzeb’s death marked the beginning of a decline for the Mughal Empire.
Death and Succession
Aurangzeb died in 1707 at the age of 88. His death led to a succession crisis, as his sons vied for power. The empire began to fragment, with regional leaders asserting independence. Aurangzeb’s death signified the end of an era for the Mughal Empire, which had reached its zenith under his rule.
Cultural Contributions
Despite his strict religious policies, Aurangzeb’s reign saw cultural developments. He patronised literature, architecture, and the arts. Many mosques and public buildings were constructed during his rule. His era also witnessed the flourishing of Persian literature and the arts.
Military Innovations
Aurangzeb’s military strategies included the use of advanced artillery and tactics. He improved the logistical capabilities of the Mughal army. The introduction of new weaponry and military formations enhanced the effectiveness of his forces in battle.
Relations with Foreign Powers
Aurangzeb maintained diplomatic relations with various foreign powers. His reign saw interactions with European colonial powers, including the Dutch and Portuguese. Despite conflicts, he sought to establish trade relations and maintain a balance of power in the region.
Impact on Indian Society
Aurangzeb’s policies had a lasting impact on Indian society. His re-imposition of jizya and other taxes created economic strain for non-Muslims. However, his administrative reforms allowed for greater integration of diverse communities within the empire.
Religious Tolerance Debate
The debate over Aurangzeb’s religious tolerance continues among historians. While some argue he was intolerant, others highlight his pragmatic approach to governance. His administration employed number of non-Muslims in key positions, suggesting a degree of inclusivity.
Historical Interpretations
Aurangzeb’s reign has been interpreted in various ways throughout history. Colonial narratives often portrayed him as a tyrant, while nationalist perspectives emphasise his contributions to Indian society. Contemporary historians seek to provide a balanced view of his complex legacy.
