Centre-State relations are fundamental to India’s federal structure. They define the interaction between the central government and state governments. The Constitution of India outlines these relations in three key areas – legislative, administrative, and financial.
Legislative Relations
Legislative relations are governed by Articles 245 to 255 of the Constitution. They determine the scope of legislative powers between the Centre and States.
- Territorial Extent: Parliament can legislate for the entire country. State legislatures can legislate for their respective states.
- Distribution of Subjects: The Constitution divides subjects into three lists – Union, State, and Concurrent.
- Parliamentary Legislation: Parliament can legislate on state subjects during emergencies or with state consent.
- Control Over State Legislation: Certain state laws require the President’s assent before enactment.
Territorial Extent of Legislation
The Parliament has the authority to pass laws applicable nationwide. State laws apply only within their territories. Extraterritorial legislation is exclusive to Parliament.
Distribution of Legislative Subjects
The Constitution categorises subjects into three lists:
- Union List: Subjects exclusively under Parliament’s jurisdiction.
- State List: Subjects exclusively under State legislatures.
- Concurrent List: Subjects where both can legislate.
Parliamentary Legislation in State Field
Parliament can legislate on state subjects under specific conditions:
- Approval by Rajya Sabha with a two-thirds majority.
- During a national emergency.
- If requested by two or more states.
- To implement international treaties.
- When President’s Rule is imposed in a state.
Centre’s Control Over State Legislation
The President can reserve certain state laws for his consideration. Additionally, specific bills require prior consent from the President before introduction in state legislatures.
Administrative Relations
Articles 256 to 263 of the Constitution outline administrative relations. They establish the framework for the distribution of executive powers.
Distribution of Executive Powers
The Centre has jurisdiction over matters in the Union List. States have authority over the State List. The Concurrent List allows shared responsibilities.
Obligation of States and Centre
States must ensure compliance with laws enacted by Parliament. The Centre can issue directions to states to ensure adherence to national laws.
Matters Where Centre Can Direct States
The Centre can direct states on various issues, such as:
- Maintenance of national infrastructure.
- Safety of railways.
- Provision of education for linguistic minorities.
- Welfare of Scheduled Tribes.
Integrated Judicial System
India has a unified judicial system. This system enforces both Central and State laws, ensuring consistency across the nation.
Financial Relations
Articles 268 to 293 govern financial relations. They define the allocation of taxing powers and revenue distribution between the Centre and States.
Allocation of Taxing Power
Parliament has the exclusive right to tax subjects in the Union List. States can tax items in the State List. Both can tax subjects in the Concurrent List.
Restrictions on State Taxing Powers
States can impose taxes on professions and sales but face restrictions:
- No tax on goods sold outside the state.
- No tax on inter-state trade.
- Specific limitations on electricity sales to the Centre.
Distribution of Tax Revenues
The Constitution outlines how tax revenues are shared:
- Article 268: Taxes levied by the Centre but collected by States.
- Article 269: Taxes levied and collected by the Centre but assigned to States.
- Article 270: Taxes levied and distributed between the Centre and States.
Distribution of Non-Tax Revenues
Non-tax revenues for the Centre include:
- Postal services.
- Railways.
- Banking.
- Broadcasting.
For States, non-tax revenues come from:
- Irrigation.
- Forests.
- Fisheries.
Grants-in-Aid to States
The Constitution provides for grants to assist states financially:
- Statutory Grants: Under Article 275, for states in need.
- Discretionary Grants: Under Article 282, for public purposes.
Types of Centre-State Relations
Centre-State relations can be analysed through legislative, administrative, and financial dimensions. Each dimension has its own set of powers and responsibilities.
Early Phase of Centre-State Relations
From 1950 to 1967, Centre-State relations were characterised by central dominance. The Congress party, under Nehru, controlled both the Centre and states.
Trends in Centre-State Relations
The Planning Commission and National Development Council facilitated central oversight of state functions during this phase. Zonal Councils were established to promote cooperative federalism.
Punchhi Commission Recommendations
The Punchhi Commission suggested reforms for better Centre-State relations:
- Agreement on concurrent list laws.
- Selection of governors based on apolitical criteria.
- Fixed tenure for governors.
- Equal representation for states in the Rajya Sabha.
Dispute Resolution Mechanisms
Water disputes between states are common. The Constitution empowers Parliament to legislate on inter-state river disputes. The Inter-State Water Disputes Act of 1956 established tribunals for this purpose.
Conclusion of Legislative Relations
The legislative framework ensures a balance of power between the Centre and States. It allows for cooperative governance while maintaining the integrity of federalism.
Conclusion of Administrative Relations
Administrative relations are crucial for effective governance. The Centre’s ability to direct states ensures national policies are implemented uniformly.
Conclusion of Financial Relations
Financial relations are vital for the economic stability of states. The distribution of resources ensures that states can function effectively within the federal framework.
