Indian Polity & Constitution for UPSC Prelims

I. Foundational Concepts of Indian Polity

  1. Evolution of Constitutional Framework
  2. Making of the Constitution
  3. Philosophy of the Constitution
  4. Key Features of the Indian Constitution
  5. Preamble: Vision and Ideals
  6. The Union and Its Territory
  7. Citizenship: Provisions and Policies

II. Fundamental Rights, Duties, and Principles

  1. Fundamental Rights: Scope and Limitations
  2. Directive Principles of State Policy
  3. Fundamental Duties of Citizens
  4. Doctrine of Basic Structure
  5. Constitutional Amendments

III. Central Government

  1. President: Powers and Functions
  2. Vice-President: Role and Responsibilities
  3. Prime Minister: Role and Powers
  4. Union Council of Ministers
  5. Cabinet Committees

IV. State Government

  1. Governor: Role and Powers
  2. Chief Minister: Executive Head of the State
  3. State Council of Ministers
  4. State Legislatures: Composition and Functions

V. Local Governance

  1. Panchayati Raj System
  2. Urban Local Bodies: Municipalities and Corporations

VI. Parliamentary System and Processes

  1. Indian Parliament: Structure and Powers
  2. Parliamentary Committees: Roles and Relevance
  3. Indian Parliamentary Group (IPG)

VII. Federalism and Inter-Governmental Relations

  1. India’s Quasi-Federal System
  2. Centre-State Relations
  3. Inter-State Relations
  4. Emergency Provisions

VIII. Judiciary

  1. Supreme Court: Powers and Jurisdiction
  2. High Courts: Role and Structure
  3. Subordinate Courts

IX. Judicial Mechanisms

  1. Judicial Review
  2. Judicial Activism
  3. Public Interest Litigation (PIL)

X. Alternative Dispute Resolution

  1. Tribunals: Scope and Authority
  2. Consumer Forums
  3. Lok Adalats and Alternative Mechanisms

XI. Union Territories and Special Provisions

  1. Administration of Union Territories
  2. Scheduled and Tribal Areas

XII. Constitutional Bodies

  1. Election Commission of India
  2. Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
  3. State Public Service Commissions
  4. Finance Commission
  5. Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council
  6. Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
  7. Attorney General of India
  8. Advocate General of States

XIII. Special Commissions

  1. National Commission for Scheduled Castes
  2. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
  3. National Commission for Backward Classes
  4. Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities

XIV. Non-Constitutional Bodies

  1. NITI Aayog: Policy Think Tank
  2. Central Vigilance Commission (CVC)
  3. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
  4. Lokpal and Lokayuktas
  5. National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
  6. State Human Rights Commissions
  7. National Commission for Women (NCW)
  8. National Commission for Protection of Child Rights
  9. National Commission on Minorities
  10. Central and State Information Commissions

XV. Political Dynamics and Elections

  1. Political Parties: National and Regional
  2. Coalition Governments: Evolution and Impact
  3. Electoral Process and Laws
  4. Electoral Reforms and Innovations
  5. Anti-Defection Law
  6. Voting Behavior and Trends
  7. EVMs and Election Technology

XVI. Societal Structures and Advocacy

  1. Pressure Groups and Their Influence
  2. Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)

XVII. Cooperative Societies and Public Administration

  1. Cooperatives and Cooperative Movement

XVIII. Public Administration

  1. Public Services: Recruitment and Administration

XIX. Languages and Special Provisions

  1. Official Language and Regional Language Policies
  2. Special Provisions for Certain States and Classes

XX. Miscellaneous Topics

  1. National Integration and Unity
  2. Foreign Policy Principles and Challenges
  3. Landmark Judicial Verdicts
  4. Significant Doctrines in Indian Law
  5. Constitutions of Other Nations: A Comparative Study
  6. Rights and Liabilities of the Government

Constitutional Amending Bills Before the Parliament

Constitutional Amending Bills Before the Parliament

With the new Lok Sabha (2014), most of the constitutional Amending bills have been elapsed. The constitution (121st Amending bill) has after being passed, becomes the 99th constitutional Amendment Act (2014). This amendment amends Article 124, 124A, 124B, 127, 128, 217, 222, 224A and 231. It introduced the establishment of a national Judicial Appointment commission’a six-member body to recommend the appointments and transfers of judges in the higher judiciary. e six-member body consists of (1) the Chief Justice of India, (2) two other senior most judge of the Supreme Court, (3) the Union Minister in charge of Law and Justice, two eminent persons nominated by the committee consisting of the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice of India and leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha. However, among the nominated members, one has to be from the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, other backward classes, minorities and women. ere is also a provision that the nominated persons have to be nominated for a period of three years and not to be eligible for renomination.

In a latest verdict of the Supreme Court dated 16th October, 2015, the apex court had deleted the 99th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2014 as invalid. The constitution (115th) Amendment bills has been passed and after the President’s assent becomes 100th Amendment (June, 2015). “is Amendment related to the boundary settlements of certain enclaves between Bangladesh and India. “The Constitution (122nd) Amendment Bills (2014), introduced in the Lok Sabha in 2014, seeks to introduce the goods and services tax (GST). After the bill is passed and assented to by the President, it will become an amendment which will subsumes various indirect taxes including the central excise duty, counter-vailing duty, service tax, state value added tax, octroi and entry
etc, luxury tax, etc.

60 Made in article 276. 20 December 1988 Tax on profession increased from a minimum of Rs.
250/ to a maximum of Rs. 2500/- per annum.
61 Made in article 326. 28 March 1989 Age for voting rights reduced from 21 to 18
62 Made in article 334. 20 December 1989 Reservation for SC/ST and nomination of Anglo-Indian
members in Parliament and State Assemblies extended
for another ten years i.e. up to 2000
63 Made in article 356, while 6 January 1990 Emergency powers applicable to State of Punjab, as
removing article 359A.. accorded in Article 359A through amendment 59th was
repealed
64 Made in article 356. 16 April 1990 Article 356 amended to permit President’s rule up to
three years and six months in the state of Punjab
65 Made in article 338. 12 March 1990 National Commission for Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes formed and its statutory powers
66 Made in Schedule 9. 7 June 1990 Land reform acts and amendment put under Schedule
9 of the Constitution
67 Made in article 356. 4 October 1990 Article 356 amended to permit President’s rule up to
four years in the state of Punjab
68 Made in article 356. 12 March 1991 Article 356 emended to permit president’s rule up to
69 Inserted articles 239AA 1 February 1992 Provision was made for a legislative assembly and
and 239AB. council of ministers for National Capital of Delhi. Delhi
continues to be a Union Territory
70 Made in articles 54 and . 21 December 1991 Included the National Capital of Delhi and Union
239AA Territory of Pondicherry in the electoral college for
Presidential Election
included in Schedule 8
72 Made in article 332 5 December 1992 Reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Tripura State
Legislative Assembly was provided
73 Inserted Part 9. 24 April 1993 Statutory provisions for Panchyat Raj as the third level
of administration in villages : Panchayati Raj
74 Inserted Part 9A 1 June 1993 Statutory provisions for Local Administrative bodies
as the third level of administration in urban areas such
as towns and cities
75 Made in article 323B. 15 May 1994 Provisions for setting up Rent Control Tribunals

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