The early medieval period in India spans approximately from 600 to 1200 CE. This era is characterised by the emergence of regional states and political changes. The period is divided into two phases – the first phase (600-750 CE) and the second phase (750-1200 CE). Each phase exhibits distinct political dynamics in northern and southern India.
Northern India – Political Landscape (600-750 CE)
In northern India, the Pushyabhutis of Thaneswar and the Maukharis of Kannauj were prominent during the early phase. The Pushyabhutis, led by notable kings like Prabhakar Vardhana and Harshavardhana, expanded their influence . The Maukharis, contemporaneously, consolidated power in Kannauj, which became a central hub after Harsha’s conquests.
Southern India – Major Kingdoms (600-750 CE)
In the south, three major dynasties emerged – the Pallavas of Kanchi, the Chalukyas of Badami, and the Pandyas of Madurai. Each of these kingdoms played important role in shaping the political and cultural landscape of southern India. The Pallavas were known for their architectural contributions, while the Chalukyas established a strong military presence.
Northern India – The Age of Empires (750-1200 CE)
The second phase in northern India (750-1200 CE) is marked by the rise of three empires – the Gurjara Pratiharas, the Palas, and the Rashtrakutas. This period also saw the fragmentation of larger empires into smaller regional states, particularly after the disintegration of the Gurjara Pratihara empire.
Harshavardhana – The Last Great Hindu King
Harshavardhana ruled from 606 to 647 CE and is often regarded as the last Hindu ruler in northern India. He was a patron of Buddhism and held a grand religious assembly in Kannauj, inviting scholars from various sects. His military campaigns expanded his influence across northern India, although his attempts to conquer the south were halted by Pulakesin II of the Chalukyas.
Pulakesin II – The Chalukyan Empire
Pulakesin II (c. 610-642 CE) was a very important figure in the Chalukyan dynasty. His reign marked military achievements, including victories over the Pallavas and the annexation of Vengi. He is noted for his tolerance towards various religions and his engagement with foreign travellers like Hiuen Tsang.
The Disintegration of Central Power
The early medieval period saw a decline in centralised control due to the rise of local powers and extensive land grants. Landed beneficiaries, primarily Brahmanas, gained authority over villages, undermining royal power. This decentralisation altered the socio-political landscape of India.
Southern India – The Pallavas and Pandyas
The Pallavas, under rulers like Mahendravarman I and Narasimhavarman I, were instrumental in temple architecture and cultural development. They engaged in conflicts with the Chalukyas, which influenced regional politics. The Pandyas, based in Madurai, also played important role but faced challenges from the Cholas by the 10th century.
Art and Architecture in Early Medieval India
The period is renowned for its architectural advancements, particularly in temple construction. The Chalukyas developed the Vesara style, evident in the temples at Badami and Pattadakal. The Pallavas contributed to rock-cut architecture, with monuments like the Shore Temple at Mamallapuram.
The Role of Buddhism and Jainism
Buddhism and Jainism flourished during this period, supported by various rulers. Important centres like Nalanda emerged, attracting scholars from across Asia. The syncretism of different religions contributed to the cultural richness of early medieval India.
Economic Changes and Decline of Trade
The agrarian economy transformed, with land grants leading to a new class of landlords. Trade declined due to the fall of trade routes and the cessation of trade with the Roman Empire. This decline contributed to the decay of urban centres and a shift towards a more agrarian society.
Social Structure and Changes in the Varna System
The social hierarchy evolved during this period. The traditional varna system began to shift as new landed classes emerged. This development led to the creation of numerous sub-castes, altering the socio-economic landscape of Indian society.
Key Dynasties and Their Contributions
- Pushyabhutis: Established control over northern India and expanded their influence through military conquests.
- Maukharis: Controlled Kannauj, which became political centre.
- Pallavas: Known for their architectural innovations and cultural patronage, particularly in Tamil Nadu.
- Chalukyas: Renowned for their military prowess and contributions to temple architecture.
- Pandyas: Played important role in southern politics and culture, particularly in the Tamil region.
Influence of Foreign Travellers
The accounts of foreign travellers like Hiuen Tsang and I-tsing provide valuable vital information about the socio-political and cultural dynamics of early medieval India. Their observations highlight the religious tolerance and vibrant cultural exchanges of the time.
Conclusion of the Period
The early medieval period set the stage for future developments in Indian history. The fragmentation of power, cultural exchanges, and architectural advancements laid the groundwork for the subsequent rise of powerful dynasties such as the Cholas and the later Mughal Empire.
Important Sites and Monuments
Many monuments from this period are recognised as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, reflecting the architectural brilliance of the time. Sites such as the Ajanta and Ellora caves, along with the temples of Khajuraho, showcase the artistic achievements of early medieval India.
Legacy of Early Medieval India
The early medieval period influenced Indian culture, religion, and politics. The developments in art, literature, and architecture during this time continue to resonate in modern Indian society. The rich tapestry of regional cultures laid a foundation for the diverse heritage of India .
