Jharkhand has finally notified rules under the Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, nearly 25 years after statehood. The move is being seen as a major step for tribal self-governance in Fifth Schedule areas, but it has also triggered debate over Gram Sabha powers, customary law and administrative control.
PESA and Jharkhand’s Delay
The PESA Act was enacted to extend local self-governance to tribal-majority Scheduled Areas. Jharkhand is among the last Fifth Schedule states to implement it. The rules now apply fully in 13 districts and partially in three others. These areas include Ranchi, Khunti, Gumla, West Singhbhum, Dumka and Pakur.
Gram Sabha at the Centre
Under the new rules, the Gram Sabha is described as the supreme institution in Scheduled Areas. Its president will be chosen according to local custom. The Gram Sabha can manage natural and community resources, including minor minerals and small water bodies. It may also resolve local disputes, act against social evils and impose fines up to Rs 2,000.
Concerns Over Dilution of Rights
Tribal leaders and customary institutions have welcomed the long-awaited implementation, but many argue that the rules weaken the original spirit of PESA. Critics say the provisions give too much space to the district administration and the Panchayati Raj system. They also object to the limited role given to community ownership, District Mineral Foundation Trust funds and the Tribal Sub Plan.
Tribal Governance and Development Issues
Jharkhand has a large tribal population, extensive forest cover and major mineral wealth. Yet social indicators remain weak. Tribal communities continue to face poverty, malnutrition, low salaried employment and poor access to water and welfare services. Forest rights claims and land protection also remain unresolved in many villages.
Last Modified: April 27, 2026