The Marathas emerged as force in India during the 17th century. They were primarily composed of various agrarian castes. These groups distinguished themselves through military service traditions. Their service in the armies of the Bahamani kingdom and its successor states was critical. The rulers of Bijapur, notably Ibrahim Adil Shah, employed them to counterbalance other military units.
Geographic Factors
The Marathas inhabited the Konkan region. This area is characterised by its rugged mountains and secluded valleys. The challenging terrain favoured guerrilla warfare tactics. It allowed the Marathas to execute surprise attacks effectively. Their geographic advantage played important role in their military strategies.
Shivaji Maharaj – A Key Figure
Shivaji Maharaj was born in 1630 in Shivner, near Junnar. He was the son of Shahji Bhonsle and Jijabai. His upbringing was influenced by prominent saints like Tukaram and Ramdas. Shivaji developed a strong sense of military prowess early on. His leadership qualities and tactical skills were instrumental in uniting the Marathas.
The Military Campaigns of Shivaji
Shivaji’s military campaigns began with the acquisition of forts. He captured Torna Fort in 1646 and rebuilt Raigad Fort. His victories extended to Baramati, Indapura, Purandhar, and Kondana. In 1656, he expanded into the Maval region, capturing Javali and constructing Pratapgarh Fort.
Naval Strategy
Recognising the importance of naval power, Shivaji built a fleet. This allowed him to confront the Sidis of Janjira, who controlled several ports. However, he faced challenges due to their superior naval capabilities.
Confrontation with Bijapur
Shivaji’s expansion brought him into conflict with Bijapur. The political landscape changed when Aurangzeb withdrew from the Deccan. This shift allowed Shivaji to attack Bijapur forces. The provocations led to the infamous encounter with General Afzal Khan in 1659. Shivaji’s successful assassination of Afzal Khan marked turning point.
Encounters with the Mughals
In 1658, Aurangzeb became the Mughal Emperor and targeted Shivaji. Shaista Khan, the Mughal governor of Deccan, was assigned to quell Shivaji’s activities. Despite setbacks, Shivaji infiltrated Poona and launched a counter-offensive.
Treaty of Purandar
In 1665, the Treaty of Purandar was established. Shivaji surrendered 23 forts to the Mughals but retained some rights over certain territories. He was recognised as a Mughal Mansabdar, allowing him to maintain a degree of autonomy.
Shivaji’s Coronation and Diplomacy
Shivaji was crowned Chhatrapati in 1674 at Raigarh. His reign marked the establishment of a new era. He sought alliances against Mughal dominance. In 1677, he formed an alliance with Golconda. This coalition led to successful campaigns in Bijapur and surrounding regions.
Cultural and Administrative Reforms
Shivaji implemented reforms during his reign. He replaced Persian with Marathi as the court language. He ordered the compilation of a Sanskrit dictionary, the Raj-Vyavahar Kosh. These changes encourageed a sense of identity among the Marathas.
The Death of Shivaji
Shivaji died in 1680. His death marked the end of an era but his legacy endured. He had successfully established a kingdom that resisted Mughal and Bijapur forces.
The Succession of Shambhaji
Shambhaji succeeded Shivaji as the Chhatrapati. His reign faced challenges, notably from Aurangzeb, who sought to reassert Mughal control. Shambhaji’s military campaigns against Mughal territories intensified the conflict.
Aurangzeb’s Campaigns in the Deccan
Aurangzeb expanded his efforts in the Deccan after Shivaji’s death. He made alliances with the Mewar Rajputs to strengthen his position. His forces captured Bijapur in 1686 and Golconda in 1687.
The Death of Shambhaji
Shambhaji was captured and executed by the Mughals in 1689. His death created a power vacuum within the Maratha Empire.
The Rise of Rajaram
Rajaram, Shambhaji’s successor, continued the struggle against Aurangzeb. He adopted guerrilla tactics to resist Mughal forces. His leadership inspired resilience among the Marathas despite ongoing sieges.
Decentralisation of Maratha Power
Following Rajaram’s death, the Maratha leadership became more decentralised. Individual commanders began raising their armies. They conducted raids across Mughal territories, collecting chauth in Gujarat and other regions.
Shahu’s Ascendancy
Shahu, the son of Sambhaji, claimed the throne after Aurangzeb’s death. His ascent led to a civil war, primarily against Tara Bai. With the support of Balaji Viswanath, Shahu emerged victorious in 1708.
The Role of the Peshwa
Shahu appointed Balaji Viswanath as Peshwa in 1713. Balaji became the de facto ruler, governing from Poona. His leadership marked the beginning of the Peshwa’s dominance in Maratha politics.
Rivalries and Succession Issues
Tara Bai established a parallel government in Kolhapur. However, internal conflicts led to her imprisonment. The Peshwa’s influence grew, overshadowing the Chhatrapati’s power.
The Decline of the Maratha Empire
The Maratha Empire faced challenges from European trading companies. Political turmoil weakened their position. Shahu II and Pratap Singh struggled to maintain control. The British eventually deposed Pratap Singh in 1839.
Legacy of the Marathas
The Marathas played important role in Indian history. Their resistance against Mughal dominance was . They established a sense of regional identity and unity. Despite their decline, their legacy influenced future generations.
Factors Contributing to the Rise of the Marathas
Several factors contributed to the Maratha rise. Geographic advantages provided strategic military benefits. The social and religious movements, particularly the Bhakti movement, encourageed unity. Economic conditions created a sense of self-respect among the populace.
