The Rohillas are a prominent community of Pashtun heritage, primarily found in Uttar Pradesh. They are the largest Pashtun diaspora in India and are historically linked to the Rohilkhand region. The term “Rohilla” is derived from “Roh,” meaning hilly country. This community has a rich marked by migrations, cultural assimilation, and political power.
Historical Background
The Rohillas began migrating to India in the 17th and 18th centuries. Their migration was largely due to political instability and invasions in their homeland, particularly from the Turko-Mongol forces. Many Rohillas settled in northern India, particularly in the region known as Katehir, which later became known as Rohilkhand.
Early Settlements
The first Rohilla settlement was established by Ali Muhammad Khan in the 1720s. He was a key figure in the formation of the Rohilla state. The Rohillas primarily consisted of Pashtuns from various tribes, including the Yousafzai, Khattak, and Afridi. They assimilated with local populations, leading to a diverse cultural identity.
Ali Muhammad Khan
Ali Muhammad Khan was very important in establishing the Rohilla state. He rose to power by defeating local rulers and consolidating control over the region. His leadership marked the beginning of the Rohilla dynasty in Rohilkhand. He was recognised for his military prowess and was granted the title of Nawab by the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah in 1737.
Formation of the Rohilla State
Under Ali Muhammad Khan, the Rohilla state expanded . He successfully suppressed rebellions and engaged in military campaigns, including an invasion of Kumaon. His administration established Bareilly as the capital of Rohilkhand. After his death in 1749, the leadership passed to his sons and other Rohilla chiefs, leading to a fragmented power structure.
The Rohilla War
The Rohilla War occurred in the mid-18th century when the Nawab of Oudh, Shuja-ud-Daula, sought to annex Rohilkhand. The Rohillas, unable to repay debts, faced military action from Oudh and the British East India Company. The conflict culminated in the Battle of Miranpur Katra in 1774, resulting in the defeat of the Rohillas and the annexation of their territory.
Establishment of Rampur State
Despite the annexation of most of Rohilkhand, the state of Rampur was established in 1774 by Nawab Faizullah Khan. This princely state remained under British protection and became a centre of culture and education. The Rampur Raza Library was founded during this period, housing valuable manuscripts.
Cultural Assimilation
Over the years, the Rohillas assimilated into local cultures while retaining their distinct identity. They adopted Urdu as their primary language and integrated various cultural practices from the surrounding communities. The Rohilla cuisine is known for its rich flavours and unique dishes.
Migration Patterns
The Rohilla community experienced migration during the 19th and 20th centuries. Many moved to regions like Guyana, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. Post-Partition in 1947, many Rohillas migrated to Karachi, Pakistan, becoming part of the Muhajir community.
Modern-Day Rohillas in India
Today, the Rohilla community is primarily located in Uttar Pradesh, with populations in Rampur, Bareilly, and Moradabad. They are known for their contributions to agriculture, education, and local politics. Many Rohillas have entered professions such as law and medicine.
Modern-Day Rohillas in Pakistan
In Pakistan, the Rohillas have largely assimilated into the broader Urdu-speaking community. They reside in urban areas like Karachi and Hyderabad. The sense of distinct identity has diminished over generations due to high intermarriage rates with other Muslim communities.
Political Influence
Historically, the Rohillas held political power in northern India. Their influence waned after the annexation of Rohilkhand, but they continued to play a role in local politics. The community remains active in political discourse, especially in Uttar Pradesh.
Religious Influence
The Rohillas are predominantly Sunni Muslims. The community has produced notable religious leaders, contributing to Islamic scholarship and reform movements. Ahmad Raza Khan, a prominent Islamic scholar, was born among the Rohillas and founded the Barelvi sect of Sunni Islam.
Educational Contributions
Education has been a priority for the Rohilla community, particularly in Rampur. The establishment of schools and libraries has promoted literacy and cultural preservation. The Rampur Raza Library is repository of Islamic manuscripts and historical texts.
Economic Activities
The Rohillas have traditionally been landowners and cultivators. Agriculture remains a primary economic activity, with many families engaged in farming. The community has also diversified into various sectors, including trade and services.
Contemporary Issues
The Rohilla community faces challenges related to identity and representation. As they integrate into broader societal frameworks, maintaining cultural heritage becomes crucial. Issues of economic development and political representation continue to be .
Festivals and Traditions
The Rohillas celebrate various cultural and religious festivals, reflecting their rich heritage. Eid celebrations are particularly , marked by communal prayers and feasting. Traditional music and dance forms are integral to their cultural identity.
Notable Figures
Throughout several Rohilla figures have gained prominence. Ali Muhammad Khan remains a central historical figure. In contemporary times, leaders like Shaukat Ali have played roles in political movements, including the Khilafat Movement.
Language and Literature
Urdu is the primary language spoken by the Rohillas. The community has a rich literary tradition, with contributions to poetry and prose. The Qissa-o-Ahwal-i-Rohilla is an example of the refined Urdu literature produced by the Rohilla elite.
Community Organisations
Various organisations have been established to promote the welfare of the Rohilla community. These organisations focus on education, cultural preservation, and social support. They play a vital role in addressing contemporary issues faced by the community.
