The period between the 13th and 18th centuries saw the rise of various regional states in India. These states emerged due to the decline of the central powers of the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughal Empire. This era was marked by the assertion of local identities and governance.
Kashmir
Kashmir became regional state under the rule of the Shah Mir dynasty. Zain-ul-Abidin, known as the “Akbar of Kashmir,” promoted arts and culture. He encouraged Persian and Sanskrit scholarship, leading to the translation of notable texts. His engineering feats included the construction of Zaina Lanka, an artificial island. After his reign, weak leadership led to instability, paving the way for foreign invasions, notably by Mirza Haider and later Akbar in 1586.
Bengal
Bengal was important province under the Palas and later the Senas. The region’s distance from the Delhi Sultanate made it difficult to control. In the 14th century, Haji Ilyas Khan unified Bengal, establishing the Ilyas Shah dynasty. His successor, Ghiyasuddin Azam, was known for his fair justice and cultural contributions. Bengal’s trade flourished, especially with China. The Mughal Empire annexed Bengal in 1586, leading to the establishment of Dhaka as a key administrative centre.
Gujarat
Gujarat was a prosperous province known for its handicrafts and trade. Alauddin Khalji was the first to annex it to the Delhi Sultanate. Zafar Khan later declared independence, founding the Muzaffar Shah dynasty. Ahmad Shah established Ahmedabad as the capital, known for its architectural beauty. He faced conflicts with neighbouring Rajput states and was known for his justice. Mahmud Begarha, a notable ruler, expanded Gujarat and was a patron of arts and literature.
The Bahamani Sultanate
The Bahamani Sultanate emerged in the Deccan in the 14th century, following the decline of the Delhi Sultanate. Founded by Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah, it became power in South India. The kingdom was divided into provinces, each governed by a tarafdar. Mahmud Gawan, a key figure, introduced administrative reforms and expanded the kingdom’s territory. However, after his death, the Sultanate fragmented into smaller states.
The Vijayanagar Empire
Founded in 1336 by brothers Harihara and Bukka, the Vijayanagar Empire became a dominant force in South India. It was marked by a rich cultural and architectural legacy. Krishnadevaraya, a prominent ruler, expanded the empire and encourageed trade. The empire’s military organisation was robust, with a focus on artillery and cavalry. Conflicts with the Bahamani Sultanate over fertile lands were frequent but did not lead to a decisive victory for either side.
Regional States in the 18th Century
The Mughal Empire’s decline in the 18th century led to the rise of regional states. These can be categorised into three types:
- States founded by Mughal nobles, such as Awadh and Bengal.
- States that had enjoyed autonomy, like the Rajput kingdoms.
- States that emerged from rebellions against Mughal authority, including the Marathas and Sikhs.
Governors and zamindars became powerful, asserting their independence. The ijaradari system emerged, allowing bankers to collect taxes, leading to socio-economic changes.
