Science & Technology for UPSC Prelims
Prelims-focused science and technology facts, concepts and current updates.
UNIT 2: Digital India and Digital Public Infrastructure
Digital India Programme
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Digital Public Infrastructure
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India Stack
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Aadhaar and Digital Identity
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e-KYC and Digital Verification
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DigiLocker
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e-Sign and Digital Signatures
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Unified Payments Interface
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Bharat Bill Payment System
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Account Aggregator Framework
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Open Credit Enablement Network
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ONDC and Open Digital Commerce
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CoWIN as Digital Public Infrastructure
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Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission
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ABHA and Digital Health Records
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UMANG App
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MyGov Platform
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GeM and Digital Procurement
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API Setu and Government APIs
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Global Importance of Indian DPI
UNIT 3: Computers, Software, Data and Cloud Technologies
Basics of Computer Systems
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Hardware, Software and Firmware
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Operating Systems
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Open Source Software
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Proprietary Software
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Application Software and System Software
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Databases and Database Management Systems
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Structured and Unstructured Data
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Big Data
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Metadata and Data Standards
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Data Centres
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Cloud Computing
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Public, Private and Hybrid Cloud
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Edge Computing
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Fog Computing
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Serverless Computing
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Virtualisation
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Containers and Microservices
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Application Programming Interfaces
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Green Data Centres
UNIT 4: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence
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Machine Learning
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Deep Learning
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Neural Networks
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Natural Language Processing
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Computer Vision
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Speech Recognition Technology
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Generative Artificial Intelligence
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Large Language Models
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Foundation Models
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AI Agents
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Prompt Engineering
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Explainable AI
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Responsible AI
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Algorithmic Bias
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Synthetic Data
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Deepfakes and Synthetic Media
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AI in Governance
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AI in Healthcare, Agriculture and Education
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IndiaAI Mission
UNIT 5: Internet, Communication and Network Technologies
Internet Architecture
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World Wide Web
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Domain Name System
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IP Addressing and IPv6
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Broadband Technology
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BharatNet
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Wi-Fi Technology
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Bluetooth Technology
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Near Field Communication
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RFID Technology
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4G Technology
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5G Technology
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6G Technology
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Network Slicing
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Internet of Things Networks
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Satellite Internet
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Undersea Internet Cables
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Software Defined Networks
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Voice over Internet Protocol
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Communication Technology in Disaster Management
UNIT 6: Cybersecurity, Data Protection and Digital Safety
Cybersecurity Basics
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Malware, Virus and Worms
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Ransomware
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Phishing and Social Engineering
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Spyware and Keyloggers
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Zero-Day Vulnerabilities
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Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
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Botnets
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Firewalls
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Antivirus and Endpoint Security
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Encryption
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Hashing
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Public Key Infrastructure
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Multi-Factor Authentication
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Digital Certificates
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Cyber Forensics
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CERT-In
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Critical Information Infrastructure
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Digital Personal Data Protection Act
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Cyber Hygiene for Citizens
UNIT 7: FinTech, Blockchain and Digital Economy Technologies
Financial Technology
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Digital Payments
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UPI Lite and Offline Payments
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RuPay and Card Networks
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FASTag and Digital Tolling
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National Common Mobility Card
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Aadhaar Enabled Payment System
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Micro-ATMs
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Central Bank Digital Currency
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Digital Rupee
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Blockchain Technology
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Distributed Ledger Technology
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Smart Contracts
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Tokenisation
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Non-Fungible Tokens
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Cryptocurrency Concepts
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Crypto Regulation and Risks
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RegTech and SupTech
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Digital Lending Technologies
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Open Banking and Financial APIs
UNIT 8: Semiconductors, Electronics and Quantum Technologies
Semiconductor Technology
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Integrated Circuits
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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
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System-on-Chip
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Chip Design
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Electronic Design Automation
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Semiconductor Fabrication
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Wafer Technology
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Clean Room Technology
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Semiconductor Nodes
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Chip Packaging
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ATMP and OSAT Facilities
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Display Technologies
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Sensors and MEMS
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India Semiconductor Mission
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Quantum Technology
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Quantum Computing
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Quantum Communication
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Quantum Key Distribution
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National Quantum Mission
UNIT 9: Space Technology, Geospatial Technology and Drones
Indian Space Technology Ecosystem
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Launch Vehicle Technology
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PSLV, GSLV and LVM3
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Satellite Technology
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Communication Satellites
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Remote Sensing Satellites
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Navigation Satellites
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NavIC
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Small Satellites and CubeSats
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Chandrayaan Missions
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Aditya-L1 Mission
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Gaganyaan Mission
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NISAR Mission
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IN-SPACe and Private Space Sector
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Geospatial Technology
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National Geospatial Policy
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GIS and Digital Mapping
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Drones and UAVs
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Drone Rules and Digital Sky Platform
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Anti-Drone Technologies
UNIT 10: Applied Emerging Technologies for Governance, Economy and Society
Internet of Things
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Smart Cities Technology
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Intelligent Transport Systems
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Electric Vehicle Technology
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Battery Management Systems
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Green Hydrogen Technology
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Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage
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Climate Technology
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Agri-Tech Platforms
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Precision Agriculture Technologies
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Telemedicine
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Wearable Health Devices
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Assistive Technologies
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Robotics
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Industrial Automation
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3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing
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Extended Reality
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Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
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Digital Twins
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Technology Ethics and Social Impact