The period from 800 to 1200 A.D. saw the rise of many kingdoms.
- The Rajputs were very powerful. The Tomars of Delhi,’The Chauhans of Rajasthan, Solankis of Gujarat,’Paramaras of Malwa, Pratiharas of Kannauj and’Chandellas of Bundelkhand were the powerful Rajput’kingdoms of the period.
- The Ghaznavids and the Ghorids conquered some parts’of India.
- In the Deccan, the Rashtrakutas were very powerful.’There were also many smaller kingdoms.
- The Pallavas, Pandyas and the Cholas were the main’dynasties in the South India.’- The Chola Kingdom was the most powerful in the south’India. The Chola ruled for Tanjore. Rajaraja Chola'(98’5-1016 A.D.) and Rajendra Chola (1016-1044 A.D.) were’the greatest Chola rulers. They also had a strong navy.
- The Chola kingdom was divided into mandalams'(provinces), valanadus (districts) and nadus (villages).’The villages managed their own affairs. Each village’had two assemblies-ur and sabha.
- Society under the Cholas was marked by severe’inequalities. The king, state officials, Brahmins and’merchants were very prosperous. The peasants, labourers’and the lower castes were poor and exploited.
- There was a tremendous increase in agricultural’production in the Tamil region.
