The Bahmani Kingdom existed from 1347 to 1526 AD. It was the first independent Muslim kingdom in the Deccan region of India. Founded by Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah, also known as Hasan Gangu, it rose to prominence by challenging the Vijayanagara Empire. The kingdom eventually fragmented into five successor states.
Origins of the Bahmani Kingdom
The Bahmani Kingdom originated from a revolt against the Delhi Sultanate. Zafar Khan, a commander under Muhammad Bin Tughluq, led this rebellion in 1347. His victory established the Bahmani Kingdom as an independent entity. Influential Sufi saints supported his rule, allowing him to adopt the title Alauddin Bahman Shah.
Important Rulers
The Bahmani Kingdom had several notable rulers, each contributing to its legacy:
- Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah (1347-1357) – Founder of the kingdom; established Gulbarga as the capital.
- Muhammad Shah I (1358-1377) – Expanded the kingdom; defeated Vijayanagara’s Bukka I.
- Muhammad Shah II (1378-1397) – Known for diplomacy; built hospitals and mosques.
- Feroz Shah Bahmani (1397-1422) – Most illustrious ruler; promoted arts and sciences; founded Firozabad.
- Ahmed Shah I (1422-1435) – Transferred the capital to Bidar; defeated Warangal.
- Muhammad Shah III (1463-1482) – Ascended at a young age; Mahmud Gawan served as regent.
- Mahmud Gawan (1463-1481) – Prime Minister; expanded the kingdom’s influence and trade.
Administrative Structure
The Bahmani kingdom adopted a feudal administrative system, similar to that of the Delhi Sultanate. The Sultan held absolute power and was seen as a representative of God.
- Tarafs – The kingdom was divided into provinces called Tarafs, each governed by a Tarafdar.
- Sarkars and Parganas – Tarafs were subdivided into Sarkars, which were further divided into Parganas.
- Village Administration – The basic unit was the village, managed by a Patel or Kulkarni.
Military Administration
The Bahmani Kingdom maintained a large standing army, essential for its military campaigns. The Sultan was the commander-in-chief, supported by various ranks:
- Amir-ul-Umra – Commander of the army.
- Khas-i-Khel – Sultan’s personal bodyguards.
- Mansabdari System – Commanders received jagirs based on rank.
Revenue Administration
Land revenue was the primary source of income for the Bahmani Kingdom. The tax rate was typically one-third of agricultural produce.
- Amir-e-Jumla – Head of revenue administration.
- Other Taxes – Included house tax, trade tax, and more.
Contributions to Education
The Bahmani rulers contributed to education. They established schools, madrasas, and libraries.
- Patronage of Scholars – Supported poets and intellectuals across various fields.
- Multilingual Environment – Encouraged the use of multiple languages.
- Advancement of Sciences – Promoted studies in astronomy, medicine, and mathematics.
Architectural Achievements
Bahmani architecture was influenced by Persian styles, blending Indo-Islamic elements. Key structures include:
- Gulbarga Fort – A fortification.
- Jama Masjid – A prominent mosque in Gulbarga.
- Madrasa Mahmud Gawan – An important educational institution in Bidar.
- Chand Minar – Built by Hasan Gangu at Daulatabad.
Cultural Influence
The Bahmani Kingdom played important role in the spread of Islam and Indo-Islamic traditions in South India.
- Sufism – The Sultans patronised many Sufi saints, enhancing spiritual life.
- Language – Persian and Dakkhani Urdu flourished during this period.
Decline of the Bahmani Kingdom
The decline of the Bahmani Kingdom began after the reign of Muhammad Shah III. Several factors contributed to its downfall:
- Weak Successors – Incompetent rulers failed to maintain control.
- Constant Warfare – Continuous conflicts with Vijayanagara drained resources.
- Internal Rivalries – Power struggles among nobles weakened the central authority.
Fragmentation into Successor States
After its decline, the Bahmani Kingdom split into five successor states known as the Deccan Sultanates:
- Bijapur – Established by Yusuf Adil Shah.
- Ahmednagar – Founded by Malik Ahmed.
- Berar – Established by Imad Shah.
- Golconda – Founded by Quli Qutub Shah.
- Bidar – Established by Ali Amir Barid.
Legacy of the Bahmani Kingdom
The Bahmani Kingdom left a lasting impact on the Deccan region. Its contributions to culture, architecture, and education influenced subsequent dynasties.
- Indo-Islamic Culture – Fostered a unique cultural blend in South India.
- Architectural Styles – Set the foundation for later architectural developments.
Notable Events
Several events marked the history of the Bahmani Kingdom:
- Battle of Talikota (1565) – A decisive battle against Vijayanagara leading to its decline.
- Trade Expansion – Mahmud Gawan’s efforts enhanced trade with Persia.
